Curing processes employing beta-substituted diperoxyketals

ABSTRACT

SUCH AS 2,2-DI(T-BUTYLPEROXY)-4-METHYLPENTANE AND 4,4DI(T-BUTYLPEROXY)HEPTANE.   R3-C(-R2)(-R4)-C(-R5)(-R6)-C(-O-O-R1)2-R   IMPROVEMENTS IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED MONOMERS, THE CURING OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN COMPOSITIONS, AND THE CURING (PREFERABLY CURING AND FOAMING) OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS ARE ACHIEVED BY THE USE OF CERTAIN B-SUBSTITUTED DIPEROXYKETALS OF THE FORMULA

United States Patent 3,763,275 CURING PROCESSES EMPLOYING {Pt-SUBSTITUTED DIPEROXYKETALS Jurgen Groepper, Gunzburg, Germany, and Jose Sanchez, Grand Island, N.Y., assignors to Pennwalt Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.

N0 Drawing. Original application June 3, 1970, Ser. No. 43,208, now Patent No. 3,686,102. Divided and this application Feb. 18, 1972, Ser. No. 227,662

Int. Cl. C08f 21/00 U.S. Cl. 260-861 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Improvements in the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, the curing of unsaturated polyester resin compositions, and the curing (preferably curing and foaming) of elastomer compositions are achieved by the use of certain ,B-substituted diperoxyketals of the formula such as 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)-4-methy1pentane and 4,4- di(t-butylperoxy)heptane.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 43,208 filed June 3, 1970, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,686,102 issued Aug. 22, 1972.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (a) Field of invention This invention relates to improved processes for polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, curing unsaturated polyester resins, and curing elastomer compositions by employing as catalysts certain fi-substituted diperoxyketals.

(b) Related art Diperoxyketals as a class of peroxides have about tenhour half-lives at about 90 -120 C. With such characteristics, their use has been disclosed for curing of unsaturated polyester resins, for polymerizing ethylene and other vinyl monomers, and for crosslinking (or curing) of natural and synthetic rubbers and ethylene homoand copolymers. They have also found uses as additives in diesel fuel and as free-radical generators in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Since diperoxyketals are normally prepared from lowcost ketones and low-cost hydroperoxides (usually t-butyl hydroperoxide-t indicating tertiary), they are potentially low-cost sources of free-radicals. Currently marketed are three such derived diperoxyketals, i.e., 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)butane; 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy) 3,3,5 trimethylcyclohexane; and n-butyl 4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) valerate. The third of these has a much longer half-life and is thus of more limited use in curing of unsaturated polyester resins and in initiating vinyl polymerizations.

Dickey (U.S. Pat. No. 2,455,569) is the initial patent disclosing a wide range of diperoxyketals and diperoxyacetals. While not giving examples, Dickey disclosed that, on the basis of the properties possessed by these peroxidic compounds, they may be useful as diesel fuel additives, polymerization initiators, curing agents for polyester resins, etc. However, no attempt is made in the patent to differentiate among which of the compounds might be more useful for a given application, etc.

Several patents have subsequently issued disclosing that specific types of diperoxyketals are more useful in certain applications. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,650,913 discloses the use of 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)butane at a cata- 3,763,275 Patented Oct. 2, 1973 lyst for ethylene polymerization; U.S. Pats. 2,656,334 and 2,692,260 disclose vinyl polymerizations employing catalyst combinations such as dibenzoyl peroxide and 2,2-di (tbutylperoxy)butane; Netherlands application 6,403,775 (I an. 25, 1965) discloses high pressure ethylene polymerization using various di(t-butylperoxy) ketals derived from cyclohexanone and substituted cyclohexanones; U.S. Pat. No. 2,698,311 discloses the curing of unsaturated polyester resins such as diallyl phthalate/polyethylene glycol fumarate using tertiary butyl perbenzoate as a curing agent (or catalyst); German Pat. No. 945,187 discloses the use of 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)butane and 1,1-di(t butylperoxy)-3,3,S-trimethylcyclohexane as catalysts for a rubber vulcanizing process. Similar disclosures are also found in U.S. Pats. 3,344,125 and 3,296,184.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention concerns improved processes for:

(1 Polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers which are responsive at suitable temperatures and pressures to initiating amounts of free radical generators as polymerization initiators;

(B) Curing unsaturated polyester resin compositions by heating in the presence of initiating amounts of free radical polymerization initiators; and

(C) Preparing foamed, cured elastomers by heating a composition containing elastomer, blowing agent and freeradical generating curing agent in the absence or presence of fillers and additives, the improvement residing in the use, as said initiator or curing agent, a beta (tn-substituted diperoxyketal of the formula where R is a lower alkyl radical or can be equivalent to Re R;

R is a t-alkyl or t-cycloalkyl radical having 4-7 carbon atoms, a t-aralkyl radical having 9-20 carbon atoms, or both R s taken together can form an alkylene diradical of 6-12 carbon atoms having a tert.-carbon atom at each end;

R and R are selected from H or lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, lower alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, phenoxy or substituted phenoxy, aralkoxy, acyloxy and aroyloxy radicals and can be the same or different except that only one of R and R, can be H;

R, is selected from H, when R is other than methyl, or a lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, lower alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, phenoxy or substituted phenoxy, aralkoxy, acyloxy or aroyloxy radical; and

R and R can be the same or different and are selected from H and lower alkyl.

For the above defined R groups, the lower alkyl and alkoxy radicals normally contain 1-4 carbons; the cycloalkyl and cycloalkoxy radicals, 3-7 carbons; the aralkoxy radical, 7-16 carbons; the acyloxy radical, 1-4 carbons; and the aroyloxy radical, 6-12 carbons.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION It has now been discovered that higher polymerization efiiciencies, faster curing of unsaturated polyester resin compositions, and foamed, cured elastomers with superior density and ultimate tensile values are obtained when the above-defined fl-substituted diperoxyketals are employed than when employing other diperoxyketals or other leading commercial peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide).

3 DI-PEROXYKETALS The above defined fl-substituted diperoxyketals can be prepared by methods well-known to the art and are normally derived from B-substituted acyclic ketones. The following list of diperoxyketals are typical examples of those defined by the formula which are useful in the practice of this invention:

2,2-di t-butylperoxy -4-methylpentane,

2,2-di (t-butylp eroxy -3,4-dimethylpentane,

2,2-di (t-butylperoxy) -3 3 ,4-trimethylpentane,

2,2-di t-butylperoxy) -4-cyclohexyl-4-methylpentane,

2, 2-di( t-butylperoxy -4-cyclohexyloxy-4-methylp entane,

2,2-di (t-amylperoxy) -4-methylpentane,

2,2-di( u-cumylperoxy) -4-methylpentane,

3,3-di(t-butylperoxy -5-methylheptane,

3, 3 (t-amylperoxy) -5-methylheptane,

3,3-di a-cumylperoxy)5-methylheptane,

2,2- di t-butylperoxy -4-methoxy-4-methylpentane,

2,2-di (t-amylperoxy -4-methoxy-4-methylpentane,

2,2-di (u-cumylperoxy) -4methoxy-4-methylpentane,

4,4-di t-butylperoxy -2,6-dimethylheptane,

4,4-di (t-amylperoxy) -2,6-dimethylheptane,

4,4-di( ot-cumylperoxy) -2,6-dimethylheptane,

2,2-di (t-butylperoxy) -4,4-dimethylp entane,

2,2-di t-amylperoxy) -4,4-dimethy1pent ane,

2,2-di (a-cumylperoxy -4,4-dimethylp entane,

3,3-di (t-butylperoxy) hexane,

3 ,3 -di t-amylp eroxy hexane,

3,3-di u-cumylperoxy hexane 3,3-di (t butylperoxy) heptane,

3,3-di (t-amylperoxy heptane,

3,3-di(u-cumylperoxy heptane,

4,4-di t-butylperoxy heptane,

4,4-di (t-amylperoxy heptane,

4,4-di( u-cumylperoxy) heptane,

2,2-di(t-buty1peroxy) -4-methyl-4-phenoxypentane,

2,2-di (tamylperoxy) -4-methyl-4-phenoxypentane,

2, 2-di a-cumylperoxy) -4-methyl-4-phenoxypentane,

2,2-di(t-butylperoxy) -4-acetoxy-4-methylp entane,

2, 2-di t-amylp eroxy )-4-acetoxy-4methylpentane,

2,2-di a-cumylperoxy) -4-acetoxy-4-methylpentane,

2,2-di t-butylp eroxy) -4-benzoyloxy-4-methylpentane,

2,2-di (t-amylperoxy) -4-benz.oyloxy-4-methylp entane,

2,2-di u-cumylperoxy) -4-b enzoyloxy-4-methylpentane,

4,4-di t-butylperoxy) -2,6-dimethoxy-2,6-dimethylheptane,

4,4-di (t-amylperoxy) -2,6-dimethoxy-2,6-dimethylheptane,

3 -isobutyl-3,6,6,9,9-pentamethyl-1,2,4,5-tetraoxacyclononane,

3-neopentyl-3,6,6,9,9-pentamethyl-1,2,4,5-tetraoxacyclononane,

3,6,6,9,9-pentamethyl-3- (2-methoxy-2'-methylpropyl) 1,2,4,S-tetraoxacyclononane,

3-(2'-methylbutyl)-3-ethyl-6,6,9,9-tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-

tetraoxacyclononane,

3-butyl-3-ethyl-6,6,9,9-tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetraoxa cyclononane,

6,6,9,9-tetramethyl-3,3 -di-n-propy1- 1,2,4, S-tetraoxacyclononane,

3,3-diisobutyl-6,6,9,9-tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetraoxacyclononane and 3-isobuty1-3,6,6, l 1,1 l-pentamethyl-1,2,4,5-tct1'aQXacyclou decana Preferred diperoxyketals include 2,2-di (t-butylperoxy) -4-methylpentane, 2,2-di(t-amylperoxy) -4-methylpentane,

2,2-di (t-butylperoxy -4-methoxy-4-methylpentane, 3 ,3 -di (t-butylperoxy) -5-methylheptane,

3,3-di (t-butylperoxy heptane, 4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) -2,6-dimethylheptane and 4,4-di (t-butylperoxy) heptane.

POLYMERIZATION In the free-radical initiated polymerization or copolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers at suitable temperatures (and pressures), the subject diperoxyketals are found to provide improved efiiciencies on a kinetic basis (efficiency of initiator to generate radicals useful for initiating polymerizations) as well as on weight and equivalent bases.

Ethylenically unsaturated monomers include olefins such as ethylene, propylene, styrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl pyridine, divinyl benzene, alpha-methylstyrene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene and chloroprene: vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl laurate, vinyl benzoate and divinyl carbonate: unsaturated nitriles such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile: acrylic acid and methacrylic acid and their esters and amides such as methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and Z-ethylhexyl acrylates and methacrylates and acrylamide and methacrylamide: maleic anhydride: maleic acid and fumaric acid and their esters; vinyl halo and vinylidene dihalo compounds such as vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinyl bromide, vinylidene chloride and vinylidene fluoride; perhalo olefins such as tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and chlorotrifiuoroethylene; vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether and nbutyl vinyl ether; acrolein; and mixtures thereof. Preferred (co) polymerizable monomers includes styrene and vinyl acetate.

Temperatures of about 20-300 C. and diperoxyketal levels of about 0.01% to 5% or more by weight, based on the monomer, are normally employed in the polymerizations. Conventional solvents may optionally be added (e.g., benzene) to the reaction system.

While most vinyl polymerizations are performed at atmospheric pressure, there appears to be a need in the polyethylene industry for an initiator to be used at pressures up to 4000 atmospheres and in the -300 C. temperature range for the preparation of low density polyethylene. Dialkyl peroxides and t-butyl peroxybenzoate decompose to initiator radicals too slowly whereas diacyl peroxides decompose too rapidly to initiator radicals to be of use. On the other hand diperoxyketals decompose at about the proper rate to be useful in this respect. Use of 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)butane (normally a liquid) in high pressure ethylene polymerizations is not ideal since at the high pressures employed it solidifies either in the pure form or in an ethylene or a hydrocarbon solution and cannot be pumped and metered into the polymerization reactors at certain desired concentrations. Its solubility at high pressures is improved somewhat by use of more polar solvents such as methanol. However, traces of these solvents get trapped in the polymer thus limiting the utility of the resulting polyethylene resin. Hence there is a need for an efiicient diperoxyketal which will remain as a liquid at the pressures employed in ethylene polymerizations, either in the pure form or as a solution in ethylene or in a hydrocarbon solvent. A test that simulates the effect of high pressures on the solidification of pure peroxides or solutions of the peroxides is described as follows: The diperoxyketal is dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent to give a 50% solution by weight. The solution is then cooled to -30 C. and the state of matter is noted. Then the solution is cooled to -78 C. and the state of matter is again noted. When these tests are applied to three diperoxyketals of this invention (2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)-4-methylpentane, 3,3-di(tbutylperoxy)heptane and 3,3-di(t-butylperoxy)-5-methylheptane) and some conventional diperoxyketals (2,2-di(tbutylperoxy)butane and 1,1-di(t butylperoxy)cyclohexane), the diperoxyketals of this invention pass the tests whereas the others fail.

CURING OF POLYESTER RESINS In curing unsaturated polyester resin compositions by heating at suitable curing temperatures in the presence of free radical polymerization initiators, the use of diperoxyketals of this invention are found to give faster cures (that is, are most active) than conventionally used diperoxyketals and peroxidic compounds.

Unsaturated polyesters which are used as the one component of the polyester resin compositions according to the present invention are, for instance, polyesters as they are obtained by esterifying preferably ethylenically unsaturated dior polycarboxylic acid or their anhydrides, such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, glutaconic acid, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid, allyl malonic acid, allyl succinic acid, and others, with saturated or unsaturated polyalcohols such as ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol (2,2-dihydroxy ethyl ether); triethylene glycol (ethylene glycol bis(2-hydroxy ethyl ether); propanediol- 1,2; butanediol-1,3; 2,2-dimethyl propanediol-1,3; butene (2) -diol- 1,4, glycerol, pentaerythritol, mannitol, and others. Mixtures of such acids and/or alcohols may also be used. The unsaturated dior polycarboxylic acids may be replaced, at least partly, by saturated carboxylic acids such as adipic acid, succinic acid, sebacic acid, and others, or by aromatic dicarboxylic acids, such as phthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, and others and their anhydrides such as phthalic anhydride. The acids used as well as the alcohols employed may be substituted by other substituents, preferably by halogen. Examples of suitable halogenated acids are, for instance, tetrachloro phthalic acid; l,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro bicyclo(2,2,1)heptene (5)- 2,3-dicarboxylic acid, and others, or their anhydrides.

The other component of the unsaturated polyester resin compositions are unsaturated monomers, preferably ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as styrene, vinyl toluene, methyl methacrylate, diallyl phthalate, dibutyl fumarate, acrylonitrile, triallyl cyanurate, a-methyl styrene, divinyl benzene, methyl acrylate, diallyl maleate, nbutyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, and others, which are copolymerizable with said polyesters.

A preferred resin composition contains as the polyester component the esterification product of propylene glycol (a polyalcohol), maleic anhydride (anhydride of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid) and phthalic anhydride (anhydride of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid) and as the monomer component styrene.

Temperatures of about -200" C. and diperoxyketal levels of about 0.05% to 5% or more by weight of curable unsaturated polyester resin are normally employed.

Other important features of the invention diperoxyketals, compared to some conventional peroxides used in polyester curing, are that they are liquids which can be more readily mixed with the resins than available solid peroxides or special solid peroxide solutions and that they are thermally stable at ambient temperatures, thus not requiring refrigerated storage and shipment.

CURING OF ELASTOMERS The diperoxyketals of this invention are also useful for curing (crosslinking or vulcanization) or curing and foaming of elastomers such as ethylene-propylene copolymers and terpolymers, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, silicon rubbers, styrene-butadiene rubbers and the like in the presence or absence of additives and fillers such as sulfur, carbon black, silica, clay, carbonates, antioxidants, heat and light stabilizers, dyes, accelerators, zinc oxide, oils, etc.

An especially useful application for the invention diperoxyketals is as a curing agent in the preparation of foamed, cured elastomer compositions (particularly ethylene-propylene coand ter-polymers) by heating at suitable temperatures an intimately dispersed mixture of elastomer, blowing agent, free radical generating curing agent and, optionally, additives and/or fillers. The temperature range is usually about 240450 F., preferably 280- 375 F. The diperoxyketal level is normally about 0.1-- 10.0 phr. (parts per hundred of resin), preferably 0.1-5. The blowing agent is usually used in an amount of about 05-10 phr. and the amount of filler may vary from about 0 to phr.

Any of the well-known chemical blowing agents can be used in the preparation of the foamed articles in accordance with this invention as, for example, azobisformamide, diazoaminobenzene, N,N dinitrosopentamethylene tetramine, N,N dimethyl-N,N'-dinitrosoterephthalamide, p,p'-oxy-bis (benzene sulfonyl semicarbazide), azobis(isobutyronitrile), p,p oXy-bis(benzene sulfonyl hydrazide), p,p diphenyl-bis(sulfonyl hydrazide), benzene sulfonyl hydrazide and m benzene bis (sulfonyl hydrazide). Any of the well-known solvent blowing agents may also be used in this invention, as, for example, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, monochlorotrifluoromethane, monochlorodifiuoromethane, 1,2- dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2 trichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and low boiling hydrocarbons such as butane, pentane and hexane. Accordingly, any compound which decomposes or volatilizes to yield at least one mole of gas per mole of blowing agent at a temperature of C. or less may be used. When preparing foamed elastomers it is essential that the foaming occurs at the proper viscosity of the elastomer just prior to the curing. Once the elastomer is cured, it becomes crosslinked and cannot be foamed. Thus, if the curing agent decomposes too fast, the elastomer cannot be formed.

Also, if the curing agent decomposes too slow, or if higher temperatures are required, then the gases released from the blowing agent escape from the elastomer due to a time factor or to the lower than ideal viscosity at the higher temperatures used. The curing agent also should not be too volatile where it can be lost due to evaporation before the curing temperature is reached.

The diperoxyketals of this invention are ideally suited as curing agents when certain elastomers such as the ethylene propylene copolymers and terpolymers are foamed. This is illustrated in Examples V and VI.

Conventional diperoxyketals have certain drawbacks in this application. N-butyl 4,4-di(t-butylperoxy)valerate decomposes at too high of a temperature; the cyclic perketals such as 1,l-di(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane and 1,1- di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trirnethylcyclohexane decompose at too low temperatures; and 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)butane is somewhat too volatile.

In mold curing and foaming, the diperoxyketals of this invention have other advantages over the higher temperature prior art curing agents such as n-butyl 4,4-di(t-butylperoxy)valerate. Because of the lower curing temperatures that can be used with our products, i.e. below 320 E, the molds can be opened immediately after the curing is finished. When n-butyl 4,4-di(t-butylper0xy)valerate is used, the mold has to be cooled down before the mold is opened. This is undesirable in production due to the extra time and cooling involved which is costly. It is also essential in mold curing that the curing agent does not decompose and cure the resin prior to the decomposition of the blowing agent. Thus, the low temperature curing agents as discussed above are also undesirable in this application as well as in the atmospheric foaming and curing applications.

EXAMPLES The following examples illustrate the subject invention and are not in limitation thereof.

The first two examples illustrate the curing of unsaturated polyester resins. Given below are the description of the polyester resin composition and curing procedure used in Examples I and II:

Basic unsaturated polyester resin-The composition of the unsaturated polyester resin had the following composition:

8 peroxyketals of this invention (Nos. 1 through 7) have significantly greater activity than conventional diperoxyketals (Nos. 8 through 12) and t-butyl peroxybenzoate (No. 13) at equal weights as well as at equal active oxy 5 gen levels. In addition, at equal active oxygen levels compone? several of the diperoxyketals of this invention (Nos. 2, ggfggf g gfg g "33 3, 4 and 6) are faster than dibenzoyl peroxide (No. 14) Propylene glycol and at 1% weight levels almost all of the diperoxyketals Acid No of alkyd resin 45 5O of this invention (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7) are faster than Inhibitor added (hydroquinone) "percent" 0.013 dibfinloyl Peroxide TABLE I [100 0. (212 F.) SPI exotherms] Active oxygen level equal to 1% dibenzoyl peroxide 1% peroxide level Barcol Barcol Gel, Cure, Peak exohard- Gel, Cure, Peak exohard- No Peroxide min. min. therm, F. ness min. min. therm, F. ness 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-4-methylpentane 2. 2 3. 3 430 40-45 1. 3 2. 1 432 40-45 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-4-methoxy-4-methylpentane 1. 0 1. 7 422 4 0 0. 6 1. 2 420 45 3,3-di-(t-butylperoxy) -5-methylheptane 1. 5 2. 3 427 40 1. 1 1. 8 426 35 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy) -4,4-dimethylpentane 0. 5 1. 1 410 40 0. 3 1. 1 390 45 3,3-di-(t-butylperoxy)-heptane 3. 0 4. 1 426 35 2. 2 3. 2 430 40 4,4-(1i-(t-b11tylperoxy) -2,6-dirnethylheptane 1. 8 2. 7 426 40 1. 5 2. 4 425 35-40 2,2-di-(t-amylperoxy) -4-methylpentane 2. 3 3. 3 424 45 2. O 3. 0 426 45 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-5-rnethylhexane 3. 5 4. 9 424 40 2. 6 3. 6 432 35 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy) -pentane 3. 9 5. 4 421 30-35 2. 6 3. 8 432 30 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-butane 4. 7 6. 5 416 40 3- 7 4- 9 433 40-45 1,l-di-(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyleyelohexane 3. 0 4. 1 419 40 2. 8 3. 8 432 45 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy)-eyclohexane 5. 3 7. 1 416 35-40 4. 4 5. 7 429 35-40 1 t-Butyl peroxybenzoate 11. 8 14. 3 414 3540 14 Dibenzoyl peroxide 2. 0 3. 1 424 45 2. 0 3. 1 424 45 Seven (7) parts by weight of the above alkyd resin was diluted with three (3) parts by weight of monomeric styrene. The resulting unsaturated polyester resin had the following physical properties:

Poises (a) Viscosity (Brookfield No. 2 at r.p.m.) 13.08 (b) Specific gravity 1.14

Example I.SPI exotherm data on diperoxyketals, di-

benzoyl peroxide and t-butyl peroxybenzoate at 100 C. (212 F.)

Using the Standard SPI Exotherm procedure at 100 C. (212 F.), various diperoxyketals were employed as curing catalysts at equal active oxygen levels and equal weight Example II.-SPI Exotherm data on diperoxyketals and dibenzoyl peroxide at 82 C. (180 F.)

1% weight levels employing the Standard SPI Exotherm a procedure at 82 C. (180 F.). These data are summarized in Table II. Again, the diperoxyketals of this invention (Nos. 1 through 7) are faster than conventional diperoxyketals (Nos. 8 through 11). At an equal active oxygen basis several of the diperoxyketals of this invention (Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 6) are faster than dibenzoyl peroxide and at 1% weight levels almost all of the diperoxyketals of this invention (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) are faster than dibenzoyl peroxide.

The results from Examples I and II demonstrate that the diperoxyketals of this invention are significantly superior to conventional diperoxyketals in curing unsaturated polyester resins. In addition, the diperoxyketals of this invention have activities in unsaturated polyester resins similar to and in some cases higher than dibenzoyl peroxide, a long time standard in the industry.

TABLE II [82 C. (180 F.) SPI exotherms] Active oxygen level equal to 1% dibenzoyl peroxide 1% peroxide level Peak exo- Barcol Peak exo- Barcol Gel, Cure, therm, hard- Gel, Cure, therm, hard- N o. Peroxide mm min. F ness min nn'n. F. ness 1- 2,2411-(t-butylperoxy)-4-methy1pentane 4. 1 6. 2 385 26-30 2. 7 4. 2 400 45 2. 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-4-methoxy-4-metl1ylpentane 1. 4 2. 5 380 40 0. 7 1. 9 378 30 3- 3,3-di-(t-butylperoxy)-5-methylheptane 2. 5 3. 9 394 30 1. 7 2. 7 397 3540 4. 2,211i-(t-butylperoxy)-4,4-dimethylpentane 1. 2 2. 2 392 40 0.9 1. 5 403 40 5. 3,3-di-(t-butylperoxy)-heptane 4.6 7. 3 388 25 3. 4 5. 2 401 35 6 4,4'di-(t-butylperoxy)-2,6-dimethylheptane 2. 7 4. 3 396 30-35 2. 1 3. 3 404 35-40 7 2,2-di-(t-amylperoxy)4-methylpentane 5. 5 8. 2 381 25 4.0 6. 2 398 40 8. 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)-5-methylhexane 9. 2 12. 9 361 35 6.0 9. 1 378 35 9- 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-pentane 9. 6 13. 9 352 30 5. 6 8. 3 382 35 10 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-butane 12. 8 17. 1 352 35 7. 7 10. 9 378 40 11 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy) -3,3,5-trimethyleyelohexane 6. O 8. 9 377 40 4. 5 6. 7 392 40 12. Dibenzoyl peroxide 3.2 4. 7 394 46 3. 2 4. 7 394 40 levels compared to 1% by weight of unsaturated polyester Example III.High conversion styrene polymerization resin of dibenzoyl peroxide (a well known industry standard in polyester curing). A second standard at an equal active oxygen level was t-butyl peroxybenzoate. These data :are summarized in Table I. Using cure times as a eificiencies of diperoxyketals compared to those of tbutyl peroxybenzoate The efiiciencies of several diperoxyketals as free-radical initiators for styrene bulk polymerizations at 100 C.

criterion for activity, the data how that in general the dicompared to those of t-butyl peroxybenzoate, a well known and efficient art peroxide, were determined. The following procedure was employed:

A series of Pyrex tubes was filled with styrene solutions containing varying amounts of free radical initiator, several tubes being used for each initiator. The amounts of free-radical initiator in the tubes were adjusted so that the resulting conversion versus concentration plots would cross 98.5% conversion, ideally, after 8.5 hours at 100 C. 98.5% conversion was selected since styrene polymerizations are carried out almost to complete conversion commercially. Hence initiators that dead-end after 90% conversion and before 98.5% conversion or achieve 98.5% conversion after using very large quantities of initiator are not attractive commercially. After fusing out with N gas the tubes were sealed and placed in a constant temperature bath thermostatted at 100 C. After 8.5 hours at 100 C. the tubes were removed and quickly chilled to 20 C. to prevent post polymerization. The sealed tubes were then broken and the polymer was taken up in 100 ml. of benzene. The resulting solution was poured into 1000 ml. of methanol to precipitate the poly (styrene) and the polymer was separated by filtration and was dried in an oven at 50-55 C. The conversion of than 1.0. In the cases of wt. /wt. and eq. /eq. values the lower these ratios are than 1.0 the more eificient and attractive the initiator. When these values are less than 1.0 the initiator is more efiicient on a weight and/or equivalent basis than t-butyl peroxybenzoate. The diperoxyketals of this invention (Nos. 1, 2, 8 and 9) have lower values of wt. /wt. and eq. /eq. than a diperoxyketal from a gamma substituted ketone (No. 3) and the art diperoxyketals (Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 7) [even though 1,1-di- (t-butylperoxy)-3,3,S-trimethylcyclohexane (No. 5) and 1,l-di-(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane (No. 6) have significantly lower half-lives than the diperoxyketals of this invention (lower half-lives of initiators decrease wt. /wt. and eq. /eq. values)]. The diperoxyketals of this invention (Nos. 1, 2, 8 and 9) are very much more efficient than t-butyl peroxybenzoate at 100 C. for 8.5 hours in styrene on weight and equivalent bases.

Hence, in the polymerization of vinyl monomers such as styrene, the diperoxyketals of this invention are more efficient than the art diperoxyketals and diperoxyketals from unsubstituted acyclic ketones, dissimilarly substituted acyclic ketones and substituted and unsubstituted cyclic ketones.

TABLE III [100 C. styrene polymerization etlieiencies of diperoxyketals compared to t-butyl peroxybenzoate] 100 0. ben- Styrene etficieney zene hali- Conversion No. Peroxide life, hrs. percent F1/Fg Wt.1/wt.2 Eq. /eq q 1 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-4-methylpentane 10.6 518.5 0.71 0.56 0.33 2... 3,3-di-(t-butylperoxy) heptane 9.7 98.5 0. 91 0.42 0. 59 3 2,2-di-(tbutylperoxy)-5-methylhexane 21.5 98.5 0.57 1.48 2.08 4 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-butane 10. 2 "98. 0 0. 19 1. 81 2. 99 5 1,1-di-(t-butylpcroxy)-3,3,5-trimethyleyc1ohexa 3. 8 98. 5 O. 24 0. 72 0. 92 6 1,l-di-(t-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane 4.4 98.5 0.22 0.74 1 11 7 3,3-di-(t-butylperoxy)-pentane 13. 0 '98. 0 0.56 0. 82 1. 28 s 4,4-d (t-buty1per0xy)-heptane l0. 0 98. 5 1. 01 0.39 0. 55 9 2,2-d1-(t-amylper0xy)4-methylpentane 11.5 98.5 1.41 0.50 0.67

Maximum conversion that could be obtained with these initiators.

styrene to polymer was then determined and plots of initiator concentration versus conversion were constructed. The initiator concentration required to attain 98.5 conversion (or thereabout) was compared, under similar conditions, to that of t-butyl peroxybenzoate. Equation 1 was used to determine efiiciency data.

We also know Kdg/Kd from the half-lives of t-butyl peroxybenzoate and initiator, respectively. Hence we can calculate F /F values for each diperoxyketal initiator.

These data are shown in Table III. Also included in Table III are wt. /wt. and eq. /eq. values which represent ratios of weights and equivalents, respectively, of initiator to t-butyl peroxybenzoate at 98.5 conversion after 8.5 hours.

The ratio of F /F represents the efiiciency of utilization of radicals from the initiator in question for the polymerization of vinyl monomers (styrene) compared to that of t-butyl peroxybenzoate. If the radicals from the initiator were utilized as effectively as those of t-butyl peroxybenzoate F /F would equal 1.0. Although the F /F values of the diperoxyketals of this invention (Nos. 1 and 2) are somewhat less than 1.0 they are significantly higher than those of the art diperoxyketals (Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 7) and that of a diperoxyketal (No. 3) from a dis similarly substituted ketone. Other diperoxyketals of this invention, such as No. 8 and 9, have F /F values greater Example IV.Polymerization of vinyl acetate The polymerization was performed in a sealed tube, under nitrogen, containing 2.5 g. of vinyl acetate, 2.5 g. of benzene and the amount of peroxide shown below at C. for 1 /2 hours. After this time, the tube was cooled and the amount of polymer formed determined by evaporating off the excess monomers and solvent. The results are shown in Table IV below:

TABLE IV Percent poly (vinyl acetate) with Peroxide 0.119% (0) 0,0595% (0) 2,2 di-(t-hutylperoxy)-4-methylpeutano 38. 3 27. 7 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)butane 31. 0 2t 4 Example V.Foaming and curing of Elastomer The following formulation was mixed and blended on a two roll rubber mill (parts are by weight):

Parts Ethylene propylene terpolymer (Nordel 1070) 100.0

Carbon black (SRF) (filler) 80.0 Zinc oxide (accelerator) 5.0 Age Rite Resin D-trimethyldihydroquinoline (antioxidant) 1.0 Sulfur 0.33 2,2-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (blowing agent) 0-2.0 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)-4-methylpentane 2.0

Samples 1" x 1" x 0.17" were foamed and cured in an oven at 300 F. for 20 minutes or at 320 F. for 15 minutes. The results are shown in Table V below:

TABLE v 5 Density of elastomer, Gram/cm, Blowing agent, 300 1 2 20 320 F./ parts used minutes minutes The cured samples containing the blowing agent had a fine cellular structure while those without the blowing agent did not.

Example VI.Foaming and curing The following formulations were mixed and blended on a two roll rubber mill:

Parts Ethylene-propylene terpolymer (Nordel 1070) 100.0 Carbon black (SRF) 80.0 Zinc Oxide 5.0 Age Rite Resin D 1.0 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) 2.0 Peroxide 0-2.0

These formulations were placed in a 5" x 5" x 0.075" mold at 320 F. The mold was closed under 12 tons of total pressure. After 15 minutes, the mold was opened hot and the samples cooled to room temperature and their densities and ultimate tensile strength determined. The results are given below in Table VI:

TABLE VI Ultimate tensile, Density Peroxide p.s.i. (g)/cc.

None 66. s 0. 8e 2,2-di-(t-bntylperoxy)-4-methylpentane (A) 1. 098 1. 07 n-Butyl 4,4-di-(t-butylper0xy)-valerate (B) 1. 813 1. 25 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (C) 1. 343 1. 19

initiator a diperoxyketal of the formula:

R, Ru 0on1 R -C-C-C-R I i; 1 15 (|)OR1 where:

R is a lower alkyl radical or R is a t-alkyl or t-cycloalkyl radical having 4-7 carbons, a t-aralkyl radical having 9-20 carbons, or both R s taken together can form an alkylene diradical of 6-12 carbons having a tert.-carbon atom at each end;

R and R are selected from H or lower alkyl, cycloalkyl,

lower alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, phenoxy or substituted phenoxy, aralkoxy, acyloxy and aroyloxy radicals, and can be the same, except when one is H, or different;

R is selected from H, when R is other than methyl, or a lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, lower alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, phenoxy or substituted phenoxy, aralkoxy, acyloxy or aroyloxy radical; and

R and R can be the same or different and are selected from H and lower alkyl.

2. The improved process of claim 1 wherein about 0.05-5.0% by weight of said diperoxyketal is used based on said resin composition.

3. The improved process of claim 2 wherein said diperoxyketal is 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)-4-methylpentane; 2,2- di t-amylperoxy -4-methylpentane 2,2-di (t-butylperoxy) 4,4-dimethylpentane; 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)-4-methoxy-4- methylpentane; 3,3 di(t-butylperoxy)-5methylheptane; 3,3-di(t-butylperoxy) heptane; 4,4-di(t-buty1peroxy)-2,6- dimethylheptane; and 4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) heptane.

4. The improved process of claim 3 wherein said resin composition comprises (a) the esterification product of propylene glycol, maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride in admixture with (b) monomeric styrene.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 12/1948 Dickey 2606l0 12/1954 Robinson 26045.4

E. A. NIELSEN, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 

